Comparative effectiveness and duration of protection of ChAdOx1, CoronaVac, BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccines for symptomatic and hospitalized Mu, Delta, and Omicron: A test-negative case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: We carried out a study to estimate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of homologous vaccination schedules against COVID-19, using data from mandatory information systems from Bogota, Colombia. METHODS: A test-negative case-control study in adults from Bogota (Colombia), between March 1st of 2021 and February 25th of 2022. We assess VE among symptomatic COVID-19 cases during the Mul, Delta, and Omicron predominance periods in Bogota, with controls matched by sex, age (±5 years), and date of testing (±7 days), using a case:control ratio of 1:1. We selected homologous vaccination schedules with ChAdOx1, CoronaVac, BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S. VE was reported as one minus the odds ratio in adjusted conditional logistic regressions, with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: 52,913 cases were matched to controls, 16,722 for Mu, 14,094 for Delta, and 22,097 for Omicron. VE was high against COVID-19 during Mu weeks with full vaccination using the monovalent BNT162b2 (VE: 69; 95% CI, 65 to 72) vaccine and ChAdOx1 (VE: 64; 95% CI, 31 to 81) and significantly lower with CoronaVac (P < 0.001) and Ad26.COV2.S (P = 0.005). During Delta, VE against COVID-19 was higher with BNT162b2 (VE: 55; 95% CI, 51 to 58). The VE for COVID-19 cases during Omicron was higher with a booster dose of monovalent BNT162b2 (VE: 45; 95% CI, 34 to 54). The VE of primary series and booster for ChAdOx1, Ad26.COV2.S, and CoronaVac did not show protection for Omicron. CONCLUSION: Our study provides further evidence on the protective effect of mRNA vaccines for Omicron, and warrant that the duration of protection against symptomatic infection may last for only a few months.

El modelo de la OMS como orientador en la salud pública a partir de los determinantes sociales / The WHO model as a guideline for public health based on social determinants

RESUMEN El desarrollo de la salud pública ha tenido múltiples enfoques, a partir desde los lineamientos de los sistemas de salud, la comunidad o el individuo. El presente análisis identificar los modelos conceptuales de la salud pública que surgen de analizar las categorías de salud o enfermedad y el nivel al cual se da la respuesta social: el individuo o familia, biofísico y el ambiente social; el modelo higienista o preventivo. Partiendo del concepto de modelo más allá de una representación de la realidad, como una postura ontológica de cómo entender la sociedad y el Estado, cualquier modelo se inscribe en una teoría y está en conjunto con otras teorías, hace parte de un marco de análisis. Se presentan entonces, tres modelos de proceso salud-enfermedad, el modelo canadiense que establece cuatro determinantes: estilo de vida, ambiente, factores biológicos y los servicios de salud. El modelo de determinantes sociales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) con tres determinantes, el estructural, el intermedio y el proximal, basados en enfoque de riesgo. Por último el modelo histórico-social o de determinación social, buscando las raíces de las desigualdades sociales que inciden en la salud. El desarrollo del Sistema de Salud Colombia en su momento ha pasado por estos modelos en salud, actualmente la Política de Atención Integral en Salud con el Modelo de Atención Integral de Salud basa su enfoque dentro de un modelo de determinantes cado por la OPS.(AU)

ABSTRACT Public health has developed based on multiple approaches, including the guidelines of the health systems, the community or the individuals. This paper intends to identify the conceptual models of public health that arise after analyzing health or disease categories, as well as the level at which social response occurs: the individual or a family, biophysical and social environment; hygienist or preventive mode. Considering that the concept of model is not only a representation of reality, but an ontological position that allows to understand society and the State, all models are part of a theory and converge with other theories to create a framework of analysis. In consequence, three models of the health-disease process are presented. First, the Canadian model that establishes four determinants -lifestyle, environment, biological factors and health services-. Second, the social determinants model of the World Health Organization (WHO) that establishes three determinants based on risk approach: structural, intermediate and proximal. Finally, the historical-social or social determination model, which looks for the roots of social inequalities that affect health. The development of the Colombia Health System has considered these health models. Today, the Comprehensive Health Care Policy, and its Comprehensive Health Care Model, bases its approach within a model of determinants established by the PAHO.(AU)

[The WHO model as a guideline for public health based on social determinants]. / El modelo de la OMS como orientador en la salud pública a partir de los determinantes sociales.

Public health has developed based on multiple approaches, including the guidelines of the health systems, the community or the individuals. This paper intends to identify the conceptual models of public health that arise after analyzing health or disease categories, as well as the level at which social response occurs: the individual or a family, biophysical and social environment; hygienist or preventive mode. Considering that the concept of model is not only a representation of reality, but an ontological position that allows to understand society and the State, all models are part of a theory and converge with other theories to create a framework of analysis. In consequence, three models of the health-disease process are presented. First, the Canadian model that establishes four determinants -lifestyle, environment, biological factors and health services-. Second, the social determinants model of the World Health Organization (WHO) that establishes three determinants based on risk approach: structural, intermediate and proximal. Finally, the historical-social or social determination model, which looks for the roots of social inequalities that affect health. The development of the Colombia Health System has considered these health models. Today, the Comprehensive Health Care Policy, and its Comprehensive Health Care Model, bases its approach within a model of determinants established by the PAHO.

El desarrollo de la salud pública ha tenido múltiples enfoques, a partir desde los lineamientos de los sistemas de salud, la comunidad o el individuo. El presente análisis identificar los modelos conceptuales de la salud pública que surgen de analizar las categorías de salud o enfermedad y el nivel al cual se da la respuesta social: el individuo o familia, biofísico y el ambiente social; el modelo higienista o preventivo. Partiendo del concepto de modelo más allá de una representación de la realidad, como una postura ontológica de cómo entender la sociedad y el Estado, cualquier modelo se inscribe en una teoría y está en conjunto con otras teorías, hace parte de un marco de análisis. Se presentan entonces, tres modelos de proceso salud-enfermedad, el modelo canadiense que establece cuatro determinantes: estilo de vida, ambiente, factores biológicos y los servicios de salud. El modelo de determinantes sociales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) con tres determinantes, el estructural, el intermedio y el proximal, basados en enfoque de riesgo. Por último el modelo histórico-social o de determinación social, buscando las raíces de las desigualdades sociales que inciden en la salud. El desarrollo del Sistema de Salud Colombia en su momento ha pasado por estos modelos en salud, actualmente la Política de Atención Integral en Salud con el Modelo de Atención Integral de Salud basa su enfoque dentro de un modelo de determinantes cado por la OPS.